types:
Fighting French,
Free French
a French movement during World War II that was organized in London by Charles de Gaulle to fight for the liberation of France from German control and for the restoration of the republic
Boy Scouts
an international (but decentralized) movement started in 1908 in England with the goal of teaching good citizenship to boys
Civil Rights movement
movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
common front
a movement in which several individuals or groups with different interests join together
cultural movement
a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals
ecumenism,
oecumenism
a movement promoting union between religions (especially between Christian churches)
falun gong
a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices
reform movement
a movement intended to bring about social and humanitarian reforms
Zionism,
Zionist movement
a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine
Abstract Expressionism,
action painting
a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions; the first important school of American painting to develop independently of European styles
Ash Can,
Ashcan school
early 20th-century United States painting; portrays realistic and sordid scenes of city life
Impressionism,
impressionism
a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light
Pop Art
a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s; it imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media
Islamism
a fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Koran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life
Ashcan School,
Eight
a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life
pointillism
a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century France
PLO,
Palestine Liberation Organization
a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority
Sinn Fein
an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland; became the political branch of the Irish Republican Army
Red Guard
a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles
syndicalism
a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions
art deco,
deco
a style of design that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s; marked by stylized forms and geometric designs adapted to mass production
art nouveau
a French school of art and architecture popular in the 1890s; characterized by stylized natural forms and sinuous outlines of such objects as leaves and vines and flowers
avant-garde,
new wave,
van,
vanguard
any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts)
constructivism
an abstractionist artistic movement in Russia after World War I; industrial materials were used to construct nonrepresentational objects
suprematism
a geometric abstractionist movement originated by Kazimir Malevich in Russia that influenced constructivism
cubism
an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes
dada,
dadaism
a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty
expressionism
an art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality
fauvism
an art movement launched in 1905 whose work was characterized by bright and nonnatural colors and simple forms; influenced the expressionists
futurism
an artistic movement in Italy around 1910 that tried to express the energy and values of the machine age
Hudson River school,
romantic realism
the first coherent school of American art; active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England
imagism
a movement by American and English poets early in the 20th century in reaction to Victorian sentimentality; used common speech in free verse with clear concrete imagery
lake poets
English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by it
luminism
an artistic movement in the United States that was derived from the Hudson River school; active from 1850 to 1870; painted realistic landscapes in a style that pictured atmospheric light and the use of aerial perspective
naturalism,
realism
an artistic movement in 19th century France; artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description
neoromanticism
an art movement based on a revival of Romanticism in art and literature
secession,
sezession
an Austrian school of art and architecture parallel to the French art nouveau in the 1890s
surrealism
a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams
symbolism
an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images
Age of Reason,
Enlightenment
a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine
Akhbari
a religious movement by Arab Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iraq that is opposed to the Usuli
Usuli
a religious movement by Persian Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iran that is opposed to the Akhbari
Counter Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits
ecumenical movement
a movement aimed to promote understanding and cooperation among Christian churches; aimed ultimately at universal Christian unity
Gallicanism
a religious movement originating among the French Roman Catholic clergy that favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual administrative autonomy of the church
Oxford movement
19th-century movement in the Church of England opposing liberal tendencies
Pietism
17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion
Protestant Reformation,
Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Taleban,
Taliban
a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government
Nation of Islam
a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans
humanism
the cultural movement of the Renaissance; based on classical studies